"Today, a good century after the first X-rays of mummies, Egyptology has the benefit of all the methods and means at the disposal of forensic medicine. The 'mummy stories' we tell have changed their tone, but they have enjoyed much success, with fantastic scientific and technological results resolving the mysteries of the ancient land of the pharaohs." from the ForewordMummies are the things that fascinate us most about ancient Egypt. But what are mummies? How did the Egyptians create them? And why? What became of the people they once were? We are learning more all the time about the cultural processes surrounding mummification and the medical characteristics of ancient Egyptian mummies. In the first part of Mummies and Death in Egypt Francoise Dunand gives an overview of the history of mummification in Egypt from the prehistoric to the Roman period. She thoroughly describes the preparations of the dead (tombs and their furnishings, funerary offerings, ornamentation of the corpse, coffins, and canopic jars), and she includes a separate chapter on the mummification of animals. She links these various practices and behaviors to the religious beliefs of classical Egypt. In the second part of this book, Roger Lichtenberg, a physician and archaeologist, offers a fascinating narrative of his forensic research on mummies, much of it conducted with a portable X-ray machine on archaeological digs. His findings have revealed new information on the ages of the mummified, their causes of death, and the illnesses and injuries they suffered. Together, Dunand and Lichtenberg provide a state-of-the-art account of the science of mummification and its social and religious context."

In their wide-ranging interpretation of the religion of ancient Egypt, Francoise Dunand and Christiane Zivie-Coche explore how, over a period of roughly 3500 years, the Egyptians conceptualized their relations with the gods. Drawing on the insights of anthropology, the authors discuss such topics as the identities, images, and functions of the gods; rituals and liturgies; personal forms of piety expressing humanity's need to establish a direct relation with the divine; and the afterlife, a central feature of Egyptian religion. That religion, the authors assert, was characterized by the remarkable continuity of its ritual practices and the ideas of which they were an expression.Throughout, Dunand and Zivie-Coche take advantage of the most recent archaeological discoveries and scholarship. Gods and Men in Egypt is unique in its coverage of Egyptian religious expression in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Written with nonspecialist readers in mind, it is largely concerned with the continuation of Egypt's traditional religion in these periods, but it also includes fascinating accounts of Judaism in Egypt and the appearance and spread of Christianity there."

In their wide-ranging interpretation of the religion of ancient Egypt, Francoise Dunand and Christiane Zivie-Coche explore how, over a period of roughly 3500 years, the Egyptians conceptualized their relations with the gods. Drawing on the insights of anthropology, the authors discuss such topics as the identities, images, and functions of the gods; rituals and liturgies; personal forms of piety expressing humanity's need to establish a direct relation with the divine; and the afterlife, a central feature of Egyptian religion. That religion, the authors assert, was characterized by the remarkable continuity of its ritual practices and the ideas of which they were an expression.Throughout, Dunand and Zivie-Coche take advantage of the most recent archaeological discoveries and scholarship. Gods and Men in Egypt is unique in its coverage of Egyptian religious expression in the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. Written with nonspecialist readers in mind, it is largely concerned with the continuation of Egypt's traditional religion in these periods, but it also includes fascinating accounts of Judaism in Egypt and the appearance and spread of Christianity there."

English summary: This Presentation takes Egypt's entire history into account. Reaching from the beginning to the end of this culture, it also takes the end of the religion of the pharaohs into account. Next to Greeks, Judeans, Syrians and Christians came to Egypt. How did the people of this poly cultural Old Egypt define the relationship to the gods during their lives and after their death? How did they construct the relationship between the real physical world and the invisible world, that was seen as just as real as the physical world. Along the questions these issues follow: relationship between the political and the religious, the term godly, service to the gods and personal devotion, the world of the dead and burial traditions. German description: In dieser Darstellung wird die gesamte Geschichte Agyptens in den Blick genommen: von ihren Anfangen bis zum Ende dieser Kultur, mit dem auch die Praxis der Religion der Pharaonen endete. Schon in fruhen Zeiten hatte Agypten Fremde und ihre Gotter aufgenommen, vor allem Gottheiten syro-palastinischen Ursprungs. Neben den Griechen lebten seit mehreren Jahrhunderten auch Judaer im Land, schliesslich kam das Christentum nach Agypten. Wie haben die Menschen dieses plurikulturellen Alten Agypten ihr Verhaltnis zu den Gottern, die sie sich gegeben hatten, zu Lebzeiten und nach dem Tod gesehen? Wie haben sie die Beziehungen zwischen ihrer realen physischen Welt und der Welt des Unsichtbaren, die als ebenso real galt wie die sichtbare, gestaltet? Unter diesen Fragestellungen ergeben sich die Themen: die Beziehungen zwischen dem Politischen und dem Religiosen; der Begriff des Gottlichen; der Dienst fur die Gotter und die personliche Frommigkeit; die Welt der Toten und die Bestattungspraktiken.

English summary: The archaeological exploration of El-Deir (Kharga Oasis, Western Egyptian desert) was undertaken by a French team, starting in 1998. During the course of the ten years of work on the site, five necropolises were discovered. A first ensemble is presented in this volume, which will be followed by five more. The study of the human remains, skeletal and mummified, is combined with analysis of the material constituting the funerary furnishings wood, basketry, ceramics, textiles. These studies contain a wealth of information on a local population whose funerary customs, which can be observed from the Persian period to the 5th century AD, completely belong to the Egyptian tradition. The tombs, mirrors of everyday life, clearly show the differences of lifestyle within this population, which on the whole led modest lives of agriculture and handcraft. French text. French description: L'exploration archeologique du site dEl-Deir (oasis de Kharga, desert occidental d'Egypte) a ete entreprise par une equipe francaise en 1998. Au cours de dix annees de travail sur le site, cinq necropoles ont ete decouvertes. Un premier ensemble est presente dans ce volume, qui sera suivi de cinq autres. Letude des restes humains, momies et squelettes, est associee a celle du materiel constituant le mobilier des tombes, bois, vannerie, ceramique, textiles. Ces etudes apportent une quantite dinformations sur une population locale dont les usages funeraires, observables sur une longue duree (de lepoque perse aux IVe - Ve siecle de notre ere) sinscrivent tout a fait dans la tradition egyptienne. Les tombes, miroir de la vie quotidienne, mettent en evidence les differences de niveau de vie au sein de cette population, dans lensemble modeste, dont les activites etaient principalement agricoles et artisanales.